Reviews about the importance of rational use of antibiotics to children has been frequently discussed. But the side effect was discovered only limited effects of germ resistance. In fact, overuse of antibiotics can lead to chronic disease.
"The use of antibiotics that are not rational thought to be a trigger many cases of obesity, type 1 diabetes, allergies and asthma, which now number more than doubled," says Martin Blaser, professor of microbiology from New York University Langone Medical Center, USA.
Humans are also often called meta-organism, because of the large number and volume of microbes that live in our bodies. They live in the intestines, skin, and even the navel.
Research shows that these microbes provide many health benefits, such as helping the body get the vitamin K, energy, and prevent the onset of autoimmune diseases.
Meanwhile, an antibiotic that is derived from the anti and bios (life), means a substance that can kill and weaken a living creature, ie, micro-organisms such as bacteria, parasites, or fungi. But he did not kill the virus.
Antibiotics are wonder drug and it has contributed to improving human life expectancy. Unfortunately, doctors often prescribe antibiotics easily, including for diseases caused by viruses.
Blasser decades researching the bacteria found, the irrational use of antibiotics to give a greater impact but less recognized, namely changing the microbial community in the body.
Allegations were corroborated by studies in 2010 that found antiotik cause changes in gut microbial populations drastically and will never be back to normal. Other research suggests antibiotics causing superbugs in the body that can last up to 3 years.
According Blesser, in the 21st century, the bacteria that had been living in the intestines of humans thousands of years ago now the number is less than 6 percent. The study was conducted in children in developed countries like the U.S., Sweden and Germany.
Research shows the use amoxilin, could eliminate 20-50 percent of bacteria H.pylori. The effect, colon cancer is now rarely found. But diseases such as cancer of the esophagus and reflux increased drastically.
"It had something to do with the actual reduction in H.pylori bacteria protect the esophagus. Impaired balance of these bacteria also cause a person more susceptible to asthma and allergies," he said.
Women born in the 1940s, populations of bacteria in the body is still normal because at that time only known two kinds of antibiotics. If they had a daughter, possibly slightly reduced the amount of good bacteria, but the grandchildren and great-grandson, dwindling again.
"Every generation has a fewer number of bacteria. I am not suggesting that being anti to the antibiotics but physicians should be wise to look at the benefits and disadvantages of prescribing antibiotics," he said.
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Carelessness doctors or health workers in delivering antibiotics to treat various infectious diseases have made a lot of people with pneumonia resistant to antibiotics.
In fact, in some cases in Indonesia, immunity has reached the final stage so that there was no medicine that can be used to heal.
Professor of Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Hadiarto Mangunnegoro in Jakarta, Saturday (12/11/2011), affirmed, not all diseases caused by bacteria require antibiotics for treatment.
Giving antibiotics should take into account the patient's disease history experienced before. Consumption of antibiotics patients should also be considered, such as type, dose, and time of administration of antibiotics. Antibiotics should be given based on laboratory tests are complete.
"Many antibiotics are given only on the basis of experience so often given antibiotics did not match the type of bacteria," said Chairman of the Association of Physicians Pulmonary Indonesia, Arifin M Nawas.
Giving antibiotics carelessly done it many general practitioners. Consequently, when the disease progresses and specialist physicians treated, antibiotic immunity has occurred so that it becomes difficult to handle.
The condition is exacerbated by poor understanding of the community in taking an antibiotic. They are often times not to take it to its conclusion because he felt the body's condition has improved. In addition, poor supervision of the sale of drugs would also create a society free to buy antibiotics.
Martahan Sitorus of the Sub-Acute Respiratory Infection Control, Ministry of Health, acknowledged the low ability of physicians, especially those served in centers, in complying with the rules of administration of antibiotics.
A number of health workers have received training in the use of antibiotics. However, because the control of health workers on local governments, many health workers have been trained to move its position was optimal training benefits.
Cause of death Pneumonia is one type of pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Because the cause is bacteria, the primary treatment need to use antibiotics. Symptoms of this disease are similar to normal influenza such as fever, headache, cough, chest pain, to muscle pain.
This disease affects many children aged under five years old (toddlers) and the elderly. Pneumonia is also a lot of the comorbidities of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers.
Director General of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Tjandra Yoga Aditama said, pneumonia is the cause of death of 13.2 percent of children under five and 12.7 percent of children in Indonesia. Indonesia Health Profile 2010 put pneumonia as the cause of death inpatients in hospitals by 7.60 percent, much higher than deaths due to injury.
According Hadiarto, increasing the life expectancy of Indonesian society and the development of non-infectious disease that began attacking many productive age group make a number of patients with pneumonia continues to swell. Many groups of adults who suffer from pneumonia makes economic burden to be borne high.
"If antibiotics are administered properly, according to the dosage, type, and patterns of bacteria in each area, without the complications of pneumonia can be cured in just 5-7 days," he said.
After three days post-antibiotic treatment, the physician should see the response given antibiotics. If appropriate, antibiotics lived completed next two to five days.
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Several studies have shown, tend to be excessive use of antibiotics and is commonly given to a disease or condition that does not require antibiotics.
Antibiotics are powerful drugs and has saved many lives. But the point is well known, antibiotics are not a cure for all kinds of diseases. Antibiotics can only cure the diseases caused by bacterial infection.
"Use antibiotics appropriately to prevent immune germs," said Prof.. Prahasto Iwan, Professor of the University of Gajah Mada Farmakolgi in the workshop and briefing the media about drug prescribing patterns in Indonesia, especially antibiotics, Saturday (26 /3/2011) on campus University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java.
In society, antibiotics are often purchased without a prescription and explanation. Communities often purchased with a prescription antibiotic that had previously gained, taking antibiotics for coughs, fevers and colds.
Furthermore, Iwan explained that the inappropriate use of antibiotics could endanger public health. As a result of bacteria that can be generated is mutated so that it becomes resistant (immune) to antibiotics. Bacteria that are resistant or immune to these difficult attenuated by the usual antibiotics.
Iwan admitted, information about the antibiotic so far has not been evenly distributed to medical personnel. "The unavailability of adequate information about drugs that are neutral is also one big problem for medical practitioners. Meanwhile, the information conveyed directly by the pharmaceutical industry through his envoys is often misleading or misleading," he added.
Dr. Sharad Adhikary, representatives from WHO, confirmed, treatment of infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria that normally would be very expensive. This is because what is needed is an antibiotic that is more up to date with the possibility of drug side effects is greater, and longer duration of treatment.
According to Sharad, the problem of antibiotic resistance is not a new problem, but more and more alarming and dangerous. "We can go back to the era before antibiotics," he said.
Why the bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics? Every time someone taking antibiotics, the bacteria that are sensitive will be killed. But the resistant bacteria will continue to live, grow and reproduce.
The use of antibiotics over and over again and not appropriate is a major cause of increasing number of drug-resistant bacteria. So, for those of you who have a cough, flu and fever does not need to consume antibiotics. Because, often taking antibiotics will not make you more healthy, and will not make you better.
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World Health Organization (WHO) warned, drug resistance is partly fueled by irrational use of antibiotics has killed hundreds of thousands of people every year. Therefore, the necessary treatment immediately to resolve the issue.
"We really see the evolution of rapidly increasing in the spread of this problem and the point is faster than solving the problem," said WHO's assistant director general Keiji Fukuda, Thursday (07/04/2011).
Health experts noted, few saj anegara who has a plan to handle the problem of drug resistance, which rose on increased consumption of antibiotics.
"In most countries, there is no plan, no budget, no line of accountability for this very serious problem. The surveillance system is weak, the system did not exist in many places," said Mario Raviglione, WHO officials who led the campaign against of tuberculosis. He added that the quality of antibiotics is questionable in some countries. "Optimal dose is not really a trigger mechanism that develop drug resistance. The use of antibiotics is often not feasible, we call it irrational. It allows the creation of resistance to drugs," he explained. In addition, the use of antibiotics in livestock - in order to promote growth and prevent disease and treat sick animals - also contributes to drug resistance. Any microbes that are resistant to the drugs develops in cattle can move on to humans through the food chain.
Because the microbes will always try to be resistant to the drugs, "this problem will never disappear," Fukuda said.
WHO expose the problem of antibiotic use as a major issue in memeringati World Health Day this year. WHO wants all governments, civil society and the pharmaceutical industry copes with a variety of strategies to deal with drug resistance.
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